Aldo Eluisi

Aldo Eluisi was a Roman anarchist anti-fascist, of Venetian origin, hero of the First World War and of the Resistenza, the Italian resistance against Nazism and Fascism. Arrested and tortured by the Nazi jailers, he did not reveal anything of what he knew about the organization of Resistenza groups. On March 24th, 1944 he was murdered at the Fosse Ardeatine, at the age of 45, along with 334 other martyrs. In the same year 1944 he was posthumously awarded the gold medal for valor.

Life
Aldo was born in Venice on September 11th, 1898 to Romolo and Pasqua Marchetti, and at the age of three years he moved with his family to Rome in piazza Fiammetta, at Tor di Nona, in the rione (district) Ponte, two hundred meters from Piazza Navona, but at the time of his death he was resident in 32, via San Tommaso d'Aquino, in the Trionfale district. He was a construction painter, by different sources his job was defined as colourist, varnisher, or painter. The definition of Aldo as an "artist" probably comes from an erroneous interpretation of the term "pittore", which in Italian means "painter" (the artist), but in Rome's dialect is also used to define a construction painter.
Aldo took part in the First World War as a volunteer, in assault troops, then he joined the Arditi ("the daring ones"), a schock elite corps, and in 1917, in the period of Caporetto defeat he was committed in particularly daring actions, thence he received a mention in dispatches, and a bronze medal for valor.
After his furlough, as Corporal, in 1919, he was one of the legionnaires (see his membership card), who performed the Impresa di Fiume ("Rijeka Endeavour"), the occupation of the Istrian city of Fiume/Rijeka by Italian nationalist militias leaded by Gabriele D'Annunzio, which ended in January 1921.

Back in Rome, he engaged in the activity of organizing the National Association of Arditi (ANAI - Associazione Nazionale Arditi d'Italia), becoming one of the key figures of the Rome section of Via Germanico, 271, where in mid-April 1921 he was elected as a councilor in the new committee of action.
When it became clear that the Arditi d'Italia were definitely siding against workers, supporting the rising fascism, and participating in attacks to socialist local branches and to workers' cooperatives, Aldo, along with other Arditi, distanced himself from the association and promoted the split of a left wing.

The "Arditi del Popolo"
On July 6th, 1921 the Rome Committee of Proletarian Defense organized the "Proletarian Day", a demonstration against fascists' violence and bullying, to which tens of thousands of anti-fascists took part. The rally left from the Colosseum, then paraded along the streets of Rome City Center, among cavalry charges and clashes with the police, and ended at the Orto Botanico (Botanical Garden). About three thousand anti-fascist Arditi, including Aldo, took part in the rally, and paraded armed in close order formation. As they reached the Orto Botanico, the foundation of the Arditi del Popolo (People's Arditi) was made official, as an armed corps of proletarian self-defense, under the leadership of lieutenants Argo Secondari and Ferrari and Sergeant Dino Pierdominici, who on June 27th had been elected on the association's board. At the end of the demonstration, further clashes occurred between protesters and police, in particular at via dei Serpenti and via degli Annibaldi, in the rione (district) Monti (see the report on La Stampa, in Italian).
The rally at the Orto Botanico was quoted by Lenin as an example of the gain of the majority of the working class by the communists, an error of assessment due to the incomplete information the Soviet leader got.
(Francescangeli)
The Arditi del Popolo in the summer of 1921 had approximately 20,000 members (more than 3,300 of them were in Rome); they held their first congress in Rome, at the headquarters of the bus drivers union, in via Orvieto, on 24th July. (Francescangeli)

In autumn 1921 the Arditi del Popolo underwent very hard blows by the repression of the Bonomi government, and of the fascist gangs, which instead were tolerated, or even supported by the police. The number of Arditi del Popolo was reduced to one third, while in Rome their ranks were halved. On October 8th, 1921, the police headquarters in Rome ordered Cencio Baldazzi, as a member of the Executive Board, to communicate to the Arditi del Popolo their dissolution, considering since then they were a criminal organisation. Lacking any locations, the Arditi del Popolo gathered in political parties' offices or in private houses: the membership recruitment of rione Ponte district battalion took place at home of the Republican militant Bartolomeo Cavallini. (Gentili, 2009) At the end of 1921 the Arditi del Popolo ranks had been so much reduced, that they disappeared in 1922, with the taking of power by the fascism.
The decline of the Arditi del Popolo was also due to the hostility of the left-wing parties, as the Socialist Party, who had signed with the fascists a "pacification agreement", and as the Communist Party of Italy who, under the leadership of Amadeo Bordiga, preferred to entrust their home squads the military defense of the anti-fascist fight. Antonio Gramsci, instead, in a more forward-looking way, supported a greater openness towards the Arditi del Popolo, defining them: "the first effort of a workers' comeback against the reactionary hordes", and Palmiro Togliatti, in 1935, maintained that the Arditi del Popolo had had "a fundamental political importance", defining the lack of support given to them as "a major mistake".
(Gentili, 2009, pag. 147, 155, 156)
Aldo Eluisi also participated in the founding of the antifascist squads, as a commander of one of the ten city battalions, that of rione Ponte district, together with his equal in age Vincenzo (Cencio) Baldazzi, which became his companion of struggle during the Resistenza against fascism.

Antifascist militancy
In the early 1920's Aldo Eluisi took part in many clashes with the fascists in Rome, then he was repeatedly filed by the police headquarters in Rome. He was first arrested on August 20th, 1921 and once more the following year, "for assaults against fascists". (Gentili, 2009, pag. 189) As told by his brother Bruno, twenty years younger, Aldo was brought to the police station on the occasion of any minimum event, as indeed happened to many other anti-fascists, and his mother had to rush there to try to get him released. (Portelli)
Between 7
th and 11th November, 1921 at the Augusteo in Rome, the founding congress of the National Fascist Party was held, and the fascist gangs carried out provocation and bullying, including the assault on workers and anti-fascists quarters of San Lorenzo and Trionfale. The reaction of the Roman anti-fascists and of the inhabitants of the districts, was very determined and also made use of weapons. On November 9th Aldo, with a group of comrades, in piazza Zanardelli (officially "piazza di Ponte Umberto I"), on the Tiber river embankments, opposite via Zanardelli, near his home, faced the royal guards and then the fascists, whose retreat was protected by the guards, while Baldazzi and others took advantage of the turmoil to deal the fascists a bunch of blows. Baldazzi himself describes the episode in his diary:
"While the fascists were forced to leave Rome, pursued by our troops commanded by Comrade Aldo Eluisi [...] and by our intrepid comrade Gallinella [...], I lined up with numerous forces between Margherita Bridge and the Tiber embankments. The royal guards cavalry blockaded Zanardelli square in order to prevent the junction of the Arditi del Popolo which were divided. Suddenly Eluisi threw a firecracker that fell close to the cavalry cordon, causing a stampede of horses and cavalrymen. So we were able to join the other squad, easily overcoming the security forces' blockade, then we reached the fascists and dealt them a bunch of blows "
(Gentili, 2009).

The same facts occurred again on April 21st, 1922, at the regional fascist conference of Lazio, and Aldo Eluisi stood out for his effectiveness in fighting the fascists. (Gentili, 2009) The fascists tried again to attack San Lorenzo on May 24th, 1922, on the occasion of the return of the body of hero of war Enrico Toti, under the protection of the army and the police, but they were once again repelled by the Roman anti-fascists, sustaining casualties. (Francescangeli)
On 28th October 1922, with the "March on Rome", the fascists took the power, triggering in various parts of Italy the anti-fascists' reaction. At the Roman Castles, a hill country area in the neighborhood of Rome, as reported by an inspector dispatched on-site by the Roman fascist headquarters, on November 21st, 1922, two battalion commanders of the Arditi del Popolo, coming from Rome, shot against some fascists. They were Vincenzo Baldazzi and Arduino Aloisi, who might actually been Aldo Eluisi, given its proximity to Baldazzi. (Gentili, 2009, pag. 196)
Aldo was arrested again in November 1922, during a vast operation of the Roman police that led to the capture of dozens anti-fascist activists and trade unionists, and in particular many Arditi del Popolo, On August 3rd, 1923, in Piazza Fiammetta, he was attacked by a group of fascists and hit by two stab wounds in the back. The Italian-American newspaper "Il Risveglio" ("The Awakening") reports the news (read it, in Italian), while another article, entitled "Stabs to those who refuse obedience" says: "Last night a militia patrol that doesn't seem very effective in his task of maintaining the order, entered the Trattoria Masseroni restaurant in Piazza Fiammetta ordering everyone to show their documents. Someone pointed out that if you go from home to the tavern usually don't take your passport with you [...] . Even more so since the patrons were quietly drinking without disturbing the public order for this. The militiamen wanted to search all the persons there, despite their protests. One of them, a certain Aldo Eluisi - seems to have refused to undergo the prevarication and this triggered a brawl. Conclusion: Eluisi got two stab wounds and is now in a hospital. Please allow us to observe that stabbing those who refuse obedience [...] is at least exaggerated, and that a knife doesn't seem the best weapon for a militia that claims to be the proud holder of the title <<national>>". (Gentili, 2009)
With the taking of power by the fascism, Aldo continued his fight in a covert way. In 1926, together with Errico Malatesta, Cencio Baldazzi and Attilio Paolinelli he planned an action to free, on the day of his trial, Gino Lucetti, who on September 11
th had carried out an attack to the life of Mussolini, but the police thwarted the plan and arrested Baldazzi.
Eluisi was arrested in 1928 for the possession of a firearm, and in 1930, he was accused of having caused "turmoil among the Arditi", and was warned from carrying out prohibited activities by the FNAI, the fascist association of Arditi. In 1931 he was required to get an identity card.
(Gentili, 2009, pag. 189) Despite his political position close to anarchism, he joined the Partito d'Azione (Action Party), whose leaders shared with the anarchists the anti-fascist and anti-Stalinist ideas. This affinity got stronger during the Spanish Civil War.

Aldo Eluisi in the Resistenza
After the armistice of September 8th, 1943, Aldo took part in the first battles against the Nazis at Porta San Paolo, at Madonna del Riposo, on the Aurelia way, and at San Giovanni, where, together with Cencio Baldazzi, Mario Chierici and Vittorio Butteroni, he seized a truckload of weapons, distributing them to the fighters. At Porta San Paolo Raffaele Persichetti died, he was also a member of the Action Party, and dwelt at corso Rinascimento, two hundred meters from Aldo (see the plaque). Aldo took part in the constitution of a local group of "Giustizia e Libertà" ("Justice and Freedom") movement, supervised by Cencio Baldazzi, which saw among its members a huge group of anarchist partisans; he also acted as a battalion commander of rione Ponte district, with the same rank of a captain.
Pursued by a warrant of arrest since November 1943, Aldo was captured by the fascists, but he managed to escape and resume the fight. On March 2
nd, 1944, during an anti-fascist meeting he fell into a trap set by an informer; Aldo attacked him, and tried to escape, but was wounded and captured by the fascist gang banda Koch when he found himself cornered in a blind alley, in via Leccesa, near via di Ripetta.
Aldo was detained by the butchers of the Koch gang, he was tortured for 18 days in the pensione Oltremare boarding house, at via Principe Amedeo, 2, then in via Tasso jail, but he never gave any information on his comrades. At via Tasso he shared the same cell with Pilo Albertelli.
His sister in law, who could visit him because she knew one of the prison guards, tells he always had a sheet to cover his hands, not to show that his nails had been torn and that he had been hung by his arms; They also hit him in his chest with their rifle stocks.
(Portelli)
Aldo was killed at the Fosse Ardeatine on March 24th, 1944, his name was number 16 on the list prepared by the fascist police commissioner of Rome Caruso, in which the partisans of Giustizia e Libertà were at the first places and Aldo was among those "At the disposal of the Central Police Station, arrested for political reasons". Aldo's family learned of his death when, the next morning, his sister in law, reaching the jail in order to visit him, was sent back home by the prison guard she knew, who told her that Aldo had been carried away in the night. As a partial consolation, the guard told her that probably he would not have suffered, because he was already dying by the torture he underwent. (Portelli)
Aldo Eluisi is buried in tomb no. 182 of the mausoleum built at Fosse Ardeatine on the site of the massacre, along with the other victims.

The motivation of the gold medal for military valor
In 1947, following a proposal of the local committee of National Partisans Association (ANPI), Aldo was posthumously awarded the gold medal for military valor, with the following motivation: "Commander of an Arditi del Popolo squad he valiantly fought at Porta San Paolo and at Madonna del Riposo putting the enemy to flight. Pursued and arrested by the nazi and fascist police he could boldly elude the vigilance and gain freedom to resume his place in the struggle. Betrayed by a vile informer and surprised during a meeting with other partisans, after a harsh scuffle he was immobilized and, though being wounded, he was carried in the torture chamber where his ordeal began. For eighteen days he suffered the most brutal torture and the slaughter of his body; he was taken to the Fosse Ardeatine where he joined in death the other heroes who have soaked with their blood the soil who became sacred to our homeland. Fosse Ardeatine, March 24th, 1944" (link).

The character of Aldo Eluisi
Alberto Baldazzi tells about him: "He was a man of few words, but he was some testy, if a German was glaring at him, he went there and hit him". Moreover his brother Bruno tells: "... he was like that. His friends said, you can't quite go to the movies with Aldo! Because if at a certain moment they play the fascist hymn Giovinezza, anybody stand up and he doesn't, it's enough to start a brawl. ... Actually, he simply couldn't stand the dictatorship and it was enough. Sometimes he was quite pursuing the fascists, he went to Aragno cafe at via del Corso, he was pursuing them for what they had done to him, they had stabbed him. (Portelli)

Aldo's memory
A street was named after Aldo Eluisi in Rome in Tor de Cenci district. On March 5th, 1945 Aldo was commemorated at Altieri cinema, on the initiative of the Action Party. The "Giustizia e Libertà" local branch of Rome (link), via Andrea Doria, founded in 1948, among others by Emilio Lussu and Cencio Baldazzi, in the same building where the anarchist Errico Malatesta lived, keeps a bronze bust of Aldo Eluisi, made in 1945 by the sculptor Amleto Rossi, "Roman sculptor and marble worker", at San Lorenzo, a former Ardito del Popolo and later Partisan.
The bust was unveiled during a commemoration of Aldo Eluisi, "antifascist martyr", held by Rome's Action Party, on March 18
th, 1945, the anniversary of the Paris Commune, and less than a year after the massacre of the Fosse Ardeatine, and bears on its plinth an epigraph saying: "The Arditi of 1922 / the partisans of 1944 / that moved from Piazza Zanardelli /for the liberation of free men / today / at the beginning of the redemption / commemorate the commander / who had / action as a plan / freedom as a faith". For the occasion Federico Comandini delivered a vibrant speech.
Again in Rome, on the ramparts of Piazza Pia, near St. Peter's Basilica, in 1945 a plaque commemorating thirty of the Roman victims belonging to the Party of Action Resistance, including Aldo Eluisi. was placed.
Many people thought of Aldo in the 1970s, when the Supreme Military Court was discussing the application for release of the only one of the executioners of the Fosse Ardeatine who was then held in custody. The court is located in a building in Via degli Acquasparta, in a square that is one and the same with piazza Fiammetta, where Aldo Eluisi lived.
(Portelli)

Bibliography:
AA.VV. (1978) Quaderni della Resistenza laziale, n. 8. Regione Lazio, Stilgraf, Roma.
ASCARELLI Attilio (1965) Le Fosse Ardeatine. Canesi, Roma.
BALSAMINI Luigi (2002) Gli Arditi del Popolo. Galzerano Editore, Casalvelino Scalo (SA)
CORVISIERI Silverio (2005) Bandiera rossa nella resistenza romana. Odradek, Roma.
D'AGUANNO Claudio (2004) Un magma resistente. www.fisicamente.net
link
FRANCESCANGELI Eros (2000) Arditi del Popolo. Odradek, Roma.
GENTILI Valerio (2009) La legione romana degli Arditi del Popolo. Purple Press, Roma.
GENTILI Valerio (2010) Roma combattente. Dal "biennio rosso" agli Arditi del Popolo. Castelvecchi, Roma.
GRELLA Pasquale (1987) Appunti per la storia del movimento anarchico romano dalle origini al 1946. De Vittoria, Roma
Info.Shop "laTalpa" (2014) Storie da una Roma sovversiva - 11 settembre 1926: L'attentato al duce. 11 set 2014
link
LIPAROTO Andrea (2004) Gli Arditi del Popolo. Patria Indipendente, 23 maggio 2004, pagg. 26-28.
PORTELLI Alessandro (2012) L'ordine è già stato eseguito. Feltrinelli, Milano.
ROSSI Marco (2007) Una storia romana: gli Arditi del Popolo. Incontro: “Due giorni contro i Fascismi”, Roma, 4-5 maggio
link
S.A. (1921) La "giornata proletaria" a Roma. La Stampa, 7 luglio.
S.A. (1923) Un ferimento per ... procura. Il Risveglio - Italian Weekly Newspaper. Dunkirk, NY, USA, 4 agosto
link
SPRIANO Paolo (1967) Storia del Partito Comunista Italiano. 1. Da Bordiga a Gramsci, Giulio Einaudi editore, Torino.
TROISIO Armando (2014) Roma sotto il terrore nazista. Castelvecchi.
ZANI Luciano (1975) Italia Libera. Il primo movimento antifascista clandestino (1923-1925). Laterza, Roma-Bari.

Websites visited:
ANFIM - Associazione nazionale famiglie italiane martiri caduti per la libertà della patria link
ANPI - Donne e Uomini della Resistenza link
ANPI - Fosse Ardeatine
link
BFS - Biblioteca Franco Serantini - busto di Aldo Eluisi
link
BFS - Biblioteca Franco Serantini - lapide di piazza Pia
link
Circolo Giustizia e Libertà - Roma
link
Dictionnaire des militants anarchistes - item "Aldo Eluisi" (in French)
link
Italian Presidency of the Republic - motivation of the gold medal for military valor (in Italian)
link
Fosse Ardeatine Mausoleum
link
Resistenzaitaliana.it
link
Wikipedia - item "Aldo Eluisi" (in Italian)
link
Sobre la anarquía y otros temas - Romeo Frezzi (vida y obra) 14 agosto 2018 (in Spanish)
link

I apologize for any error in English translation: if you want to communicate
with me for corrections and/or comments, email me at:
andgad@alice.it

page created: July 23rd 2015 and last updated: March 23rd, 2022